“大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)”是高等工科院校課程體系中一門重要的基礎(chǔ)課程,也是大學(xué)生進(jìn)校后的第一門科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)課程。該課程旨在為后續(xù)專業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)研究奠定基礎(chǔ),不僅要講授學(xué)生開展實(shí)驗(yàn)工作所需具備的基本知識(shí)、基本方法和基本技能,更要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生觀察問題、分析問題和解決問題的科學(xué)思維與創(chuàng)新意識(shí),以及理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的能力。
隨著國際交流日益頻繁,高等教育國際化是不可扭轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢(shì)。為適應(yīng)國際化教育發(fā)展的需要,在西安電子科技大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)中心、教務(wù)處和出版社的大力支持下,作者以中文版《物理實(shí)驗(yàn)》(西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社,2007)為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合多屆外國留學(xué)生的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),編寫了本書。本書的編寫已被納入西安電子科技大學(xué)“十三五”規(guī)劃教材建設(shè)。
大學(xué)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)是集體教學(xué)活動(dòng),本書凝結(jié)了物理實(shí)驗(yàn)中心全體教師的集體智慧和辛勤勞動(dòng)。本書編寫過程中得到了許多教師的大力支持,同時(shí)參考了國內(nèi)外其他高等學(xué)校的同類教材,在此一并表示衷心感謝!還要感謝本書的審譯——延安大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院的侯娟娟老師付出的辛勤勞動(dòng)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)探索是永無止境的任務(wù),加之編寫時(shí)間倉促及編者業(yè)務(wù)水平有限,書中難免有不妥與疏漏之處,懇請(qǐng)同行及廣大讀者提出寶貴意見。
編者
2016年5月
Part Ⅰ Introduction to Experimental Uncertainties and Error Analysis
1. No Information without Uncertainty Estimation (3)
2. What is an Error Bar? (4)
3. Random Errors,Systematic Errors,and Mistakes (5)
4. How to Estimate Error Bars in Data (6)
5. Sample Mean,Standard Deviation,and Standard Error (8)
6. How and When to Throw Out Data (10)
7. Combining Unrelated Sources of Error (10)
8. Error Propagation in Calculations: Functions of a Single Measured Quantity (12)
9. Error Propagation in Calculations: Functions of Several Measured Quantities (13)
10. A Reality Check for Error Propagation: Fractional Uncertainty (14)
11. Significant Figures (15)
12. Graphical Representation of Experimental Data (17)
Part Ⅱ Experiments
Lab 1 Youngs Modulus Lab (25)
Lab 2 Standing Waves (31)
Lab 3 Physical Pendulum (38)
Lab 4 Moment of Inertia Measured by ThreeWire Pendulum (42)
Lab 5 The Prism Spectrometer: Dispersion and the Index of Refraction (45)
Lab 6 The Transmission Diffraction Grating: Measuring the Wavelength of Light (53)
Lab 7 Interference of Light (59)
Lab 8 Basic Measurement (65)
Lab 9 Lenses and Simple Lens Systems (70)
Lab 10 Light Polarization—Maluss Law (79)
Lab 11 The Michelson Interferometer (85)
Lab 12 Diffraction and Interference of Plane Light Waves (92)
Lab 13 Construction of an Ammeter and Voltmeter (100)
Lab 14 Electric and Magnetic Forces (106)
Lab 15 Velocity of Sound in Air (111)
Lab 16 The Ballistic Galvanometer (118)
Lab 17 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and Ballistic Galvanometer (126)
Lab 18 Linear and Nonlinear Resistors (133)
Lab 19 Hall Effect Experiment (136)
Lab 20 Mapping the Electric Field (144)
Lab 21 The Measurement of Capacitance and High Resistance by Galvanometer (150)
Appendix (154)
References (160)