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大學(xué)物理學(xué)
本書是為全日制高等院校編寫的教學(xué)用書的上冊。上冊內(nèi)容包括運(yùn)動(dòng)與力、熱現(xiàn)象、電與磁、波與粒子四部分, 下冊內(nèi)容包括習(xí)題解答和拓展閱讀兩部分。
本書是編者結(jié)合自己20余年普通物理教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(其中十余年的應(yīng)用技術(shù)型本科教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn))編寫而成,內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)合理,難點(diǎn)處理得當(dāng),尤其適合于應(yīng)用技術(shù)型本科普通物理課程教學(xué)使用。主要有以下四點(diǎn):一是考慮不同需求,內(nèi)容劃分層次。標(biāo)有 “ ※”號的章節(jié)內(nèi)容為自選內(nèi)容,教師可以根據(jù)教學(xué)需求進(jìn)行取舍,無論取與舍,都不影響內(nèi)容的完整性和邏輯性。習(xí)題按難度分為A、B兩類,學(xué)生可以根據(jù)自身情況選做對應(yīng)難度的題目;二是注意過渡與銜接,方便學(xué)生的預(yù)習(xí)和自學(xué)。每部分內(nèi)容開始都有引言,結(jié)束都有小結(jié),構(gòu)造出清晰的物理知識體系和脈絡(luò);三是注重學(xué)法指導(dǎo),降低學(xué)習(xí)難度。對于中學(xué)相對陌生的內(nèi)容,進(jìn)行專門學(xué)習(xí)方法說明。如剛體一章開始即強(qiáng)調(diào)類比方法的運(yùn)用,并編寫了大量的類比表格;四是精選物理學(xué)家的故事作為閱讀材料,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,培養(yǎng)奮斗精神。
目錄
篇運(yùn)動(dòng)與力
第 1章質(zhì)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué) ··················································· 3
1.1質(zhì)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的描述 ················································ 3
1.2速度和加速度在不同坐標(biāo)系中的表示 ······························· 6
1.3相對運(yùn)動(dòng) ····················································· 11習(xí)題 ····························································· 13第 2章動(dòng)量角動(dòng)量 ················································· 15
2.1力與物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài) ············································ 15
2.2動(dòng)量動(dòng)量守恒是律 ············································ 18
2.3角動(dòng)量角動(dòng)量守恒是律 ········································ 24
2.4質(zhì)心質(zhì)心運(yùn)動(dòng)是理 ············································ 27
2.5剛體的是軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) ················································ 28習(xí)題 ····························································· 33第 3章功和能 ······················································· 36
3.1動(dòng)能是理 ····················································· 36
3.2勢能 ························································· 41
3.3功能原理與機(jī)械能守恒是律 ······································· 44習(xí)題 ····························································· 46第 4章流體力學(xué) ····················································· 48
4.1流體靜力學(xué) ··················································· 48
4.2理想流體的流動(dòng) ················································ 51
4.3如性流體的流動(dòng) ················································ 55
4.4液體的表面性質(zhì) ················································ 57習(xí)題 ····························································· 61第 5章振動(dòng) ························································· 63
5.1振動(dòng)概述 ····················································· 63
5.2簡諧振動(dòng) ····················································· 64
5.3振動(dòng)的合成與分解 ·············································· 70
5.4阻尼振動(dòng)受迫振動(dòng) ············································ 74習(xí)題 ····························································· 77第 6章狹義相對論基礎(chǔ) ··············································· 79
6.1經(jīng)典時(shí)空觀 ··················································· 79
iv目錄
6.2狹義相對論的時(shí)空觀 ············································ 81
6.3狹義相對論的質(zhì)量和能量 ········································ 85
6.4廣義相對論簡介 ················································ 86習(xí)題 ····························································· 90
第二篇熱現(xiàn)象
第 7章氣體動(dòng)理論 ··················································· 93
7.1氣體的狀態(tài)方程 ················································ 93
7.2氣體動(dòng)理論的基本概念 ·········································· 95
7.3理想氣體的壓強(qiáng)和溫度 ·········································· 98
7.4氣體分子的速率分布律 ·········································· 101
7.5玻耳茲曼分布律 ················································ 103
7.6能量均分是理 ················································· 105
7.7分子的平均自由程 ·············································· 107
7.8輸運(yùn)現(xiàn)象的氣體動(dòng)理論 ·········································· 109習(xí)題 ····························································· 111第 8章熱力學(xué)基礎(chǔ) ··················································· 113
8.1熱力學(xué)是律 ················································ 113
8.2理想氣體的典型熱力學(xué)過程 ······································· 115
8.3循環(huán)過程 ····················································· 119
8.4熱力學(xué)第二是律 ················································ 122
8.5娟 ··························································· 125
8.6娟的統(tǒng)計(jì)意義 ················································· 127習(xí)題 ····························································· 129
第三篇電與磁
第 9章靜電場 ······················································· 135
9.1電荷庫侖是律 ················································ 135
9.2電場電場強(qiáng)度 ················································ 137
9.3靜電場的高斯是理 ·············································· 143
9.4靜電場環(huán)路是理電勢 ·········································· 148
9.5靜電場中的導(dǎo)體 ················································ 153
9.6電容電容器 ················································· 155
9.7電介質(zhì) ······················································· 158
9.8靜電場的能量 ················································· 161習(xí)題 ····························································· 164第 10章恒定磁場 ····················································· 168
10.1恒是電流 ····················································· 168
目錄
10.2磁場磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度 ·············································· 172
10.3畢奧 –薩f爾是律 ·············································· 175
10.4恒是磁場的性質(zhì) ················································ 180
10.5磁場對運(yùn)動(dòng)電荷的作用 ·········································· 183
10.6磁場對載流導(dǎo)線的作用 ·········································· 186
10.7磁介質(zhì) ······················································· 189習(xí)題 ····························································· 195第 11章電磁感應(yīng)與電磁場 ·············································· 200
11.1電磁感應(yīng)的基本規(guī)律 ············································ 200
11.2動(dòng)生電動(dòng)勢和感生電動(dòng)勢 ········································ 202
11.3自感和互感 ··················································· 207
11.4磁場能量 ····················································· 210
11.5麥克斯韋方程組電磁場 ········································ 212習(xí)題 ····························································· 216
第四篇波與粒子
第 12章波動(dòng) ························································· 223
12.1簡諧波 ······················································· 223
12.2波的疊加 ····················································· 229
12.3多普勒效應(yīng) ··················································· 234
12.4電磁波 ······················································· 236
12.5電磁波的吸收和色散 ············································ 242習(xí)題 ····························································· 245第 13章光波 ························································· 247
13.1相干光 ······················································· 247
13.2楊氏雙縫干涉芳埃德鏡 ········································ 248
13.3薄膜干涉 ····················································· 251
13.4光的衍射 ····················································· 257
13.5衍射光柵 ····················································· 262
13.6 X射線衍射 ··················································· 266
13.7光的偏振 ····················································· 267
13.8反射光與折射光的偏振 ·········································· 269習(xí)題 ····························································· 271第 14章量子物理學(xué)初步 ··············································· 273
14.1光的本性的再認(rèn)識 ·············································· 273
14.2實(shí)物粒子的二象性 ·············································· 283
14.3波函數(shù)薛是詩方程 ············································ 287
14.4一維勢場中的粒子 ·············································· 291
vi目錄
14.5氫原子 ······················································· 295
14.6原子的殼層結(jié)構(gòu) ················································ 300習(xí)題 ····························································· 302第 15章原子核與基本粒子 ·············································· 304
15.1原子核的一般性質(zhì) ·············································· 304
15.2核力 ························································· 305
15.3原子核的結(jié)合能及其利用 ········································ 306
15.4原子核衰變的基本規(guī)律 ·········································· 309
15.5基本粒子 ····················································· 317習(xí)題 ····························································· 322附錄 A希臘字母表 ··················································· 323附錄 B基本物理常量和保留單位 ········································ 324
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