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海上風(fēng)能以其資源豐富、發(fā)電利用小時數(shù)相對較高、靠近負荷中心、不占用土地和適宜大規(guī)模開發(fā)等特點，成為近年來世界各國爭相開發(fā)的新型能源。在此背景下編寫了本書，對海上風(fēng)電接入電網(wǎng)技術(shù)進行研究。
本書共分為8章，分別為概述、雙饋風(fēng)電機組建模與特性分析、永磁半直驅(qū)風(fēng)電機組建模與特性分析、風(fēng)電場的等值模型及特性分析、柔性直流輸電在海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)中的應(yīng)用、柔性直流并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)建模及特性分析、含高比例海上風(fēng)電局部電網(wǎng)暫態(tài)建模仿真、海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)對電網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性的影響。

隨著陸上風(fēng)資源開發(fā)的逐漸飽和，海上風(fēng)電成為未來風(fēng)能應(yīng)用和發(fā)展的重點，越來越受到各國的重視。海上風(fēng)能具有資源豐富、發(fā)電利用小時數(shù)相對較高、靠近負荷中心、不占用土地和適宜大規(guī)模開發(fā)等特點，是新能源發(fā)展的前沿領(lǐng)域，也是目前發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ目稍偕茉�。發(fā)展海上風(fēng)電成為優(yōu)化能源結(jié)構(gòu)、實現(xiàn)能源轉(zhuǎn)型升級、促進裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展的重要舉措。
風(fēng)電出力隨機、隨風(fēng)速風(fēng)向變化易引起電網(wǎng)有功、無功的變動，會造成并網(wǎng)點及近區(qū)電網(wǎng)電壓波動；來源于風(fēng)電機組中的電力電子元件產(chǎn)生大量諧波，對電網(wǎng)造成諧波污染；因此大規(guī)模海上風(fēng)電接入將對電網(wǎng)電能質(zhì)量造成較大影響。海上風(fēng)電場特別是多風(fēng)電場集中并網(wǎng)背景下，無功電壓補償配置及控制策略對電力系統(tǒng)的運行也會造成較大影響。在大規(guī)模海上風(fēng)電集中接入局部電網(wǎng)的背景下，海上風(fēng)電機組和風(fēng)電場大規(guī)模脫網(wǎng)將對近區(qū)電網(wǎng)安全穩(wěn)定運行造成較大威脅，風(fēng)電機組及風(fēng)電場的故障穿越特性對電網(wǎng)安全穩(wěn)定運行影響也較大，因此合理評估系統(tǒng)故障對含高比例海上風(fēng)電電網(wǎng)的安全穩(wěn)定運行的影響迫在眉睫。
本書主要針對高比例海上風(fēng)電集中接入局部電網(wǎng)，進行含高比例海上風(fēng)電集群建模仿真技術(shù)和故障穿越特性等方面的研究，建立適用于大規(guī)模海上風(fēng)電集中接入局部電網(wǎng)的電磁暫態(tài)詳細仿真模型，揭示不同故障情況下大規(guī)模海上風(fēng)電基地內(nèi)部電力電子元件以及這些元件與電網(wǎng)間故障特性的交互作用對電網(wǎng)安全的影響機理。為后續(xù)開展含高比例海上風(fēng)電集中接入局部電網(wǎng)的暫態(tài)建模仿真、并網(wǎng)要求、接入模式、運行控制、電能質(zhì)量控制等方面的技術(shù)研究提供仿真基礎(chǔ)支撐，促進海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，提升電網(wǎng)安全可靠消納海上風(fēng)電的能力。
本書共包括8 章。第1 章詳細介紹了海上風(fēng)電發(fā)展概況，包括全球及我國的海上風(fēng)電發(fā)展概述、海上風(fēng)電技術(shù)發(fā)展特點和海上風(fēng)電場并網(wǎng)問題等。介紹了風(fēng)電故障穿越及控制策略，包括國內(nèi)外故障穿越研究現(xiàn)狀、故障穿越要求（低電壓穿越、高電壓穿越和頻率適應(yīng)性）和已有的高低壓故障穿越策略等。
第2 章和第3 章分別介紹了雙饋風(fēng)電機組和永磁半直驅(qū)風(fēng)電機組單機模型各模塊的功能與PSCAD 建模過程；并進行了穩(wěn)態(tài)、高電壓穿越及低電壓穿越三種工況下的特性分析與整機模型驗證，為后續(xù)深入分析奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
第4 章重點研究了風(fēng)電場等值分群方法和風(fēng)電場等值參數(shù)計算方法，建立了風(fēng)電場多機組等值模型，并以16 臺機組詳細模型與等值模型的穩(wěn)態(tài)、動態(tài)仿真效果對比驗證了等值方法的有效性。
第5 章分析了柔性直流輸電工作原理及特點，并結(jié)合國內(nèi)外海上風(fēng)電柔直并網(wǎng)工程開展情況研究了柔性直流輸電在海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)中的優(yōu)勢及局限性。
第6 章在研究了柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)及控制邏輯的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了海上風(fēng)電柔直并網(wǎng)輸電系統(tǒng)模型，研究了并網(wǎng)柔直系統(tǒng)故障穿越過程及其控制策略，仿真研究了并網(wǎng)柔直系統(tǒng)與風(fēng)電場協(xié)調(diào)控制策略，并對比分析了海上風(fēng)電高壓交流/高壓直流并網(wǎng)輸電特性及其對電網(wǎng)的影響。
第7 章構(gòu)建了海上風(fēng)電場故障穿越等特性研究的實地系統(tǒng)仿真模型。結(jié)合風(fēng)電場實用化等值模型，開展了局部電網(wǎng)高比例海上風(fēng)電高、低電壓穿越特性，頻率適應(yīng)特性，柔直并網(wǎng)協(xié)調(diào)控制特性，諧波污染特性及工頻過電壓特性仿真研究。
第8 章結(jié)合上文建模仿真研究，從系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定、電能質(zhì)量、工頻過電壓、對電網(wǎng)規(guī)劃的影響等方面分析梳理了海上風(fēng)電對電網(wǎng)的影響。
后，衷心感謝張子杰碩士、張哲萌、任萬鑫參與本書的修訂工作；同時也感謝左正敏、許亮、黃欣、宮大千、段瑤等廣東電網(wǎng)公司工作人員對本書出版的支持。
由于本書編寫時間倉促，書中難免存在疏漏及不足之處，懇請廣大讀者批評指正。
著者
2021 年1 月

目錄
前言
第1 章概述 ·················································································· 1
1.1 全球海上風(fēng)電發(fā)展概述 ··························································1
1.2 中國海上風(fēng)電發(fā)展概述 ··························································3
1.3 海上風(fēng)電技術(shù)發(fā)展特點 ··························································4
1.4 海上風(fēng)電場并網(wǎng)導(dǎo)則 ·····························································6
第2 章雙饋風(fēng)電機組建模與特性分析 ··············································· 20
2.1 風(fēng)力渦輪機模塊 ································································· 20
2.2 發(fā)電機側(cè)變流器控制模塊 ····················································· 22
2.3 網(wǎng)側(cè)變流器控制模塊 ··························································· 25
2.4 風(fēng)速模塊 ·········································································· 28
2.5 傳動系統(tǒng)模塊 ···································································· 28
2.6 Crowbar 保護電路 ······························································· 29
2.7 超級電容模塊 ···································································· 29
2.8 高低電壓穿越模塊 ······························································ 31
2.9 高低電壓穿越控制策略 ························································ 33
2.10 整機模型及驗證 ································································ 35
第3 章永磁半直驅(qū)風(fēng)電機組建模與特性分析 ······································ 43
3.1 永磁同步發(fā)電機模塊 ··························································· 43
3.2 機側(cè)變流器控制模塊 ··························································· 44
3.3 網(wǎng)側(cè)變流器控制模塊 ··························································· 45
3.4 PWM 調(diào)制模塊 ·································································· 48
3.5 負序控制模塊 ····································································· 49
3.6 虛擬阻尼模塊 ····································································· 51
3.7 高低電壓穿越模塊 ······························································· 52
3.8 Chopper 保護模塊 ································································ 55
3.9 高低電壓穿越控制策略 ························································· 56
3.10 整機模型及驗證 ································································ 58
第4 章風(fēng)電場的等值模型及特性分析 ··············································· 83
4.1 風(fēng)電場等值目標及思路 ························································· 83
4.2 基于風(fēng)速因子的風(fēng)電場分群方法 ············································· 87
4.3 風(fēng)電場等值參數(shù)計算方法 ······················································ 90
4.4 等值模型仿真驗證 ······························································· 95
第5 章柔性直流輸電在海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)中的應(yīng)用 ································· 102
5.1 柔性直流輸電概述 ····························································· 102
5.2 海上風(fēng)電柔性直流并網(wǎng)特點 ················································· 105
5.3 柔性直流輸電基本工作原理 ················································· 106
5.4 柔性直流輸電并網(wǎng)對風(fēng)電場的要求 ········································ 119
第6 章柔性直流并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)建模及特性分析 ······································· 123
6.1 柔性直流輸電系統(tǒng)及其控制 ················································· 123
6.2 關(guān)鍵控制模塊及建模 ·························································· 124
6.3 并網(wǎng)柔直故障穿越及其控制策略 ··········································· 132
6.4 并網(wǎng)柔直系統(tǒng)與海上風(fēng)電場協(xié)調(diào)控制 ····································· 140
6.5 交直流并網(wǎng)模式仿真對比及特性分析 ····································· 143
第7 章含高比例海上風(fēng)電局部電網(wǎng)暫態(tài)建模仿真 ······························ 148
7.1 局部電網(wǎng)構(gòu)建 ··································································· 148
7.2 海上風(fēng)電場穩(wěn)態(tài)特性仿真 ···················································· 159
7.3 海上風(fēng)電高、低電壓穿越特性仿真 ········································ 170
7.4 海上風(fēng)電頻率特性仿真 ······················································· 182
7.5 柔直并網(wǎng)海上風(fēng)電協(xié)調(diào)控制特性仿真 ···································· 185
7.6 諧波仿真及治理 ······························································· 191
7.7 工頻過電壓仿真分析 ························································· 202
第8 章海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)對電網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性的影響 ······································· 223
8.1 大規(guī)模海上風(fēng)電脫網(wǎng)風(fēng)險及對系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定的影響 ·················· 223
8.2 海上風(fēng)電場對電能質(zhì)量的影響 ············································· 234
8.3 海上風(fēng)電場工頻過電壓問題及對系統(tǒng)的影響 ··························· 242
8.4 海上風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)對電網(wǎng)規(guī)劃發(fā)展的影響 ···································· 253

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