Ⅰ Industrial Environment Special　Topic 1 Global Automotive Energy Strategy and Carbon　Emission Management Process　02 1.1　International Automotive Energy and Carbon Emission　Management　03 1.1.1　EU Automobile Energy-saving and Carbon Emission Management　03 1.1.2　U.S. Regulations on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse　Gas Emission　10 1.1.3　Japan’s Fuel Consumption Regulations for Light Vehicles　16 1.2　China’s Automotive Energy and Carbon Emission　Management　17 1.2.1　Planning and Development Goals of Auto Industry　17 1.2.2　Status Quo of China’s Vehicle Energy Consumption Management　20 1.2.3　Development Overview of Domestic Auto Market　33 Special　Topic 2 Estimation of China Vehicles’Fuel Consumption　and Carbon Emission　43 2.1　Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emission Estimation　Model in China　43 2.2　Analysis on the Key Parameters for the Estimation　of Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon　Emissions　46 2.2.1　Vehicle in Use Structure Based on Ages　46 2.2.2　Driving Distances of Vehicles　47 2.2.3　Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type　47 2.3　Estimation Results of Vehicle Energy and Carbon　Emissions in 2020　48 II　Vehicle Energy Consumption Special　Topic 3 Development of the Average Fuel Consumption　of Passenger Cars　53 3.1　The Fleet-wide Average Fuel Consumption　54 3.2　Fuel Consumption of Domestic Models in Different　Categories　56 3.2.1　Fuel Consumption Variation by Model Type　56 3.2.2　Fuel Consumption Variation by Different Foreign Sino Makers　59 3.3　Average Fuel Consumption and Compliance Performance　of Enterprises　60 3.3.1　Analysis of Quantity and Production Volume of Qualified　Enterprises　60 3.3.2　Analysis of Enterprises with Excellent Compliance Performance　62 3.3.3　Analysis on Compliance Performance of Top　10 Producers/Importers　64 Special　Topic ４ Development of Fuel Consumption of Commercial　Vehicles　66 4.1　Classification of Commercial Vehicles　67 4.2　Fuel Consumption of Light Commercial Vehicles
68 4.2.1　Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types　68 4.2.2　Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value　73 4.3　Fuel Consumption of Heavy Commercial Vehicles　76 4.3.1　Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types　76 4.3.2　Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value　81 Special　Topic ５ Electricity Consumption Development of New　Energy Vehicles　87 5.1　Electricity Consumption of New Energy Passenger Cars　88 5.1.1　The Development Trend of the Average Electricity Consumption　for Domestic New Energy Passenger Cars　88 5.1.2　Electricity Consumption of Different Vehicle Types　89 5.1.3　Electricity Consumption of Top 15 Models in Production　92 5.2　New Energy Commercial Vehicles　93 5.2.1　E-range　93 5.2.2　Battery Capacity　96 5.2.3　E-range/Battery Capacity　98 5.2.4　Power Consumption per 100 km per Ton　99 5.2.5　Energy Consumption per Unit Load　101 Ⅲ　Product Attributes Special　Topic ６ Development Trend of Related Properties　of Passenger Cars on Energy Conservation　104 6.1　Curb Weight　104 6.2　Footprint Area　109 6.3　Average Displacement　112 6.4　Average Power　116 6.5　Average Torque　120 6.6　Power/Curb Weight　125 6.7　Power/Displacement　129 Special　Topic 7 Development Trend of Related Properties of Commercial　Vehicles on Energy Conservation
135 7.1　Fuel Type　135 7.2　Transmission　138 7.3　Product Structure　140 7.3.1　Maximum Design Pay Mass　140 7.3.2　Average Length　141 7.4　Average Displacement　143 7.5　Power/Total Mass　146 Ⅳ　Technology Application Special　Topic 8 Application of Energy-saving Technologies　for Passenger Cars　150 8.1　Turbocharging and GDI　150 8.2　3-cylinder Turbocharging Engine　152 8.3　Advanced Transmission Technology　154 8.4　Idling Stop-Start Technology　156 8.5　Mild Hybrid　156 8.6　Strong Hybrid　158 Special　Topic ９ Supporting Technology Trend of Key Parts　of New Energy Vehicles　160 9.1　Power Battery　161 9.1.1　Supporting Conditions of Power Battery Industry　161 9.1.2　Status Quo of Development of Power Battery Technology　168 9.1.3　Development Trend of Power Battery Industry　169 9.2　Drive Motor　173 9.2.1　Overview of Supporting Drive Motor Industry　173 9.2.2　Status Quo of Development of Drive Motor Technologies　175 9.2.3　Development Trend of Drive Motor Industry　178 9.3　Electric Control　182 9.3.1　Supporting Conditions of Electric Control Industry
182 9.3.2　Development Trend of Electric Control Industry　184 Ⅴ　Hot Topics Special　Topic 10 Comparison of the Competitiveness of Ternary　Battery and Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery　189 10.1　Comparison of Crystal Structures of Cathode Materials　189 10.2　Key Performance Comparison of Cathode Materials　and Power Battery Products of Corresponding　Systems　190 10.2.1　Comparison of Energy Density　191 10.2.2　Power Comparison　194 10.2.3　Service Life Comparison　196 10.2.4　Cost Comparison　197 10.2.5　Safety Comparison　198 Special　Topic 11 Research on the Safety of Batteries
203 11.1　Electrical-Thermal Coupling Characterization Methods　of Power Batteries　204 11.2　Analysis on the Electric-thermal Coupling Characteristics　Test of Power Batteries　206 11.2.1　Influence of Operating Temperature on the Heat Generation　Characteristics of Batteries　207 11.2.2　The Effect of SOC on the Heat Generation Characteristics　of Batteries　208 11.2.3　Effect of Current Multiplier on the Heat Generation Characteristics　of the Batteries　210 11.2.4　Effect of SOH on the Heat Generation Characteristics of　the Batteries　211 11.2.5　Influence of the Material System on the Heat Generation　Characteristics of the Batteries　212 11.3　Thermal Runaway and Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation　of Power Batteries　213 11.3.1　Research on the Thermal Runaway Triggering Method and　Characteristic Behavior of Power Batteries　213 11.3.2　Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation of Power Batteries
215 11.4　Safety Assessment in the Life Cycle of Power Batteries　216 11.4.1　Intrinsic Thermal Stability Assessment in the Life Cycle　of Power Batteries　216 11.4.2　Assessment on the Application Safety in the Life Cycle　of Power Batteries　220 Special　Topic 12 Key Raw Materials and Progress of Batteries　224 12.1　Overview of Lithium Mineral Resources　224 12.1.1　Overview of Global Lithium Resources　225 12.1.2　Overview of Lithium Resources in China　226 12.1.3　Analysis of the Supply and Demand of Lithium Resources
228 12.2　Overview of Cobalt Mineral Resources　230 12.2.1　Overview of Global Cobalt Resources　231 12.2.2　Overview of Cobalt Resources in China　233 12.2.3　Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Cobalt Resources　234 12.3　Overview of Nickel Ore Resources　235 12.3.1　Overview of Global Nickel Resources　236 12.3.2　Overview of Nickel Resources in China　238 12.3.3　Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Nickel Resources　238 12.4　Sustainable Supply of Nickel Promotes the Development　of Low-carbon and Efficient Industrial　Chain　240 12.4.1　New Regulations of Sustainable Policies for the Downstream　Areas of the Automobile Industry　240 12.4.2　BHP Makes Innovation to Support the Transformation of　China’s Electric Vehicle Market to Sustainable Nickel　Products　242 Ⅵ　Long-term Outlook Special　Topic 13 Outlook for the 2035 Electrification Route　for Chinese Vehicles in the Context　of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”　246 13.1　The Development Goal of China’s Vehicle Electrification　in 2035 in the Context of “Carbon Peak　and Carbon Neutrality”　246 13.2　Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion Routes　by City Priority Level　248 13.2.1　Evaluation Indexes of City Priority Level for the Electrification　of Vehicles　248 13.2.2　Classification Method of City Priority Level for the Electrification　of Vehicles　250 13.2.3　Classification Result of City Priority Level for the Electrification　of Vehicles　252 13.3　Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion Routes　by Vehicle Type and Application Scenario　253 13.3.1　Electrification Promotion Routes for Passenger Cars
253 13.3.2　Electrification Promotion Routes for Commercial Vehicles　254 Appendix　261