目　錄 第一章　復(fù)雜性與臨界性...............................................................................1 簡(jiǎn)單的物理定律與復(fù)雜的大自然 ..........................................................3 講故事與科學(xué) ..........................................................................................8 復(fù)雜性理論能解釋什么？ ....................................................................10 災(zāi)變遵循一種簡(jiǎn)單的模式 ....................................................................14 分形幾何 ................................................................................................21 f /1噪聲：時(shí)間中的分形 .......................................................................24 齊普夫定律 ............................................................................................27 冪律與臨界現(xiàn)象 ....................................................................................29 處于平衡態(tài)的系統(tǒng)不是復(fù)雜的 ............................................................30 混沌不具有復(fù)雜性 ................................................................................33 自組織臨界性 ........................................................................................35 第二章　自組織臨界性的發(fā)現(xiàn).....................................................................37 在布魯克海文 ........................................................................................37 f/1噪聲從何而來(lái)？ ...............................................................................41 蘇珊·科珀史密斯的狗模型 .................................................................42 耦合扭擺 ................................................................................................45 簡(jiǎn)單模型的哲學(xué)：“球形奶�！� .............................................................46 擺系統(tǒng)變成臨界的 ................................................................................51 第三章　沙堆模型.........................................................................................56 沙堆模型 ................................................................................................59 假如生活在沙堆世界 ............................................................................67 我們能用筆和紙計(jì)算出冪律嗎？ ........................................................72 第四章　實(shí)際沙堆與地貌的形成.................................................................75 真實(shí)的沙堆實(shí)驗(yàn) ....................................................................................76 挪威的米堆實(shí)驗(yàn) ....................................................................................80 維則克的山體滑坡實(shí)驗(yàn)：分形現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn) ............................................86 喜馬拉雅“沙堆” ..................................................................................88 巖渣的沉積 ............................................................................................89 地貌學(xué)：偏離平衡的地表 ....................................................................92 第五章　地震、星震及太陽(yáng)耀斑.................................................................97 地震的自組織 ......................................................................................101 一處印刷錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致了重要進(jìn)展 ..........................................................107 斯特龍博利附近的隆隆聲 .................................................................. 111 地殼是臨界的 ...................................................................................... 113 脈沖星頻率突增與星震 ...................................................................... 114 黑洞與太陽(yáng)耀斑 .................................................................................. 116 第六章　“生命的游戲”：復(fù)雜性就是臨界性 ..........................................120 第七章　生命是自組織臨界現(xiàn)象嗎？.......................................................129 圣菲研究所 ..........................................................................................130 沙堆與間斷平衡 ..................................................................................134 相互制約調(diào)節(jié)的適應(yīng)性圖像 ..............................................................135 第八章　簡(jiǎn)單演化模型中的大滅絕與間斷平衡.......................................147 我們能對(duì)達(dá)爾文建模嗎？ ..................................................................150 周日下午的一個(gè)科學(xué)課題 ..................................................................153 低溫產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜生命 ..............................................................................164 與真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)比較 ..................................................................................165 恐龍滅絕和隕石 ..................................................................................172 丹蒂· 查爾沃的演化游戲 ...................................................................174 自組織臨界性與蓋亞假說(shuō) ..................................................................175 重新來(lái)一次演化 ..................................................................................177 第九章　間斷平衡模型理論.......................................................................182 什么才算理論？ ..................................................................................182 演化模型的隨機(jī)近鄰形式 ..................................................................184 自組織過(guò)程 ..........................................................................................188 臨界態(tài) ..................................................................................................191 重訪生命游戲 ......................................................................................192 重訪地震 ..............................................................................................193 第十章　大腦與自組織臨界性...................................................................197 為什么大腦應(yīng)當(dāng)是臨界的？ ..............................................................198 猴子問(wèn)題 ..............................................................................................200 大腦與河網(wǎng) ..........................................................................................203 第十一章　經(jīng)濟(jì)和交通阻塞.......................................................................206 均衡經(jīng)濟(jì)像水 ......................................................................................206 實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)像沙 ......................................................................................209 臨界經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單模型 .................................................................. 211 波動(dòng)和災(zāi)難不可避免 ..........................................................................215 交通阻塞 ..............................................................................................216 參考文獻(xiàn).......................................................................................................223 人名英漢對(duì)照表...........................................................................................230 附錄　湯超致譯者信...................................................................................238 譯后記...........................................................................................................240