詩歌是人類社會最古老的文藝形式,英語詩歌作為世界詩歌藝術實踐的最積極參與者,在近1500年的實踐中,為世界詩歌藝術的百花園貢獻了無數(shù)的紅花綠草。《英詩鑒賞入門》選用了英美文學各個時期有代表性的名作以及能夠反映英詩技巧的特殊詩作,主要注重從微觀上解讀詩人在創(chuàng)作詩歌時所使用的具體的詩歌手法。全書共分六個部分,每部分以概念的介紹開始,通過對例詩的分析,逐漸深入到詩歌的結構、表達詩歌主題的手法如格律、選詞、修辭等各個方面。每部分在例詩后,都選編有部分的詩篇和思考題供學習者進一步研讀。
詩歌是人類社會最古老的文藝形式,它幾乎是隨著人類社會的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生,隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的?梢院敛豢鋸埖卣f,詩歌已經(jīng)滲透到人類生活的方方面面,在人類社會發(fā)展的任何階段和各個關鍵時期,詩歌都起到了不可替代的作用,因為詩歌是人類心靈的最后防線。
英語詩歌作為世界詩歌藝術實踐的最積極參與者,在近1500年的實踐中,為世界詩歌藝術的百花園貢獻了無數(shù)的紅花綠草。從《貝爾武甫》、《失樂園》到《荒原》,從《西風》、《看見彩虹我心怦然跳動》到《落葉》,無不記錄了英語文化的發(fā)展史,無不表現(xiàn)了歷代英語詩人的喜怒哀樂和憂國憂民的感傷情懷。
中國人讀英語詩歌已經(jīng)很久了。在上世紀末,中國再次向世界敞開大門后,英語教育作為全民教育體系中的重要組成部分,為社會培養(yǎng)了越來越多懂英語、用英語的人才。英語的普及對專門從事英語學習、英語教育和英語研究的人員提出了更高的要求。近年來,不少老教授都發(fā)出了英語專業(yè)要回歸人文的呼聲,而閱讀英語詩歌就是對他們的號召的積極回應。
多年來,以中國人為對象而作的解讀英詩的作品已有很多,其中也不乏優(yōu)秀的著作。但大多數(shù)此類作品主要以宏觀的解釋為多,而對詩人表達宏觀思想時所采用的微觀手法的討論甚少。與以往的著述不同的是,本書更注重的是解讀詩人在創(chuàng)作詩歌時所使用的具體的詩歌手法,以幫助英詩學習者做到不僅知其然,更知其所以然。
《英詩鑒賞入門》選用了英美文學各個時期有代表性的名作以及能夠反映英詩技巧的特殊詩作,可作為英語專業(yè)本科英語詩歌選修課教材,也可作為英語文學愛好者的自學讀本。全書共有六個部分,涉及理解英語詩歌的六個重要方面。每部分又以概念的介紹開始,繼以例詩的解讀,通過對例詩的分析,逐漸深入到詩歌的結構、表達詩歌主題的詩歌手法和表現(xiàn)手段,如英詩格律、選詞、修辭、象征等。每部分在例詩后,都選編有部分的詩篇和思考題供學習者進一步研讀。
1 What Is Poetry and How Do We Read It?
2 TypesofPoetry
Narrative Poetry / 18
Lyric Poetry / 26
Close Form and Open Form / 37
3 Diction, Tone and Theme
Diction / 50
Tone / 66
Theme / 79
4 Structure
5 Rhythm and Rhyme
Rhythm / 93
Meter / 99
Onomatopoeia / 116
Alliteration and Assonance / 121
Rhyme / 123
6 Allusion and Figures of Speech
Allusion / 148
Symbol / 153
Simile and Metaphor/165
Personification / 177
Apostrophe / 179
Pun / 181
Understatement and Overstatement / 184
Metonymy and Synecdoche / 189
Irony and Satire / 191
Appendix: A List of Poetic Terms
Index of the First Lines
Bibliography
This poem is almost, but not quite, a painting in words. Putting aside for the moment the provocative beginning "so much depends upon... "We are stuck by the almost exclusive visual nature of the images that follow. Williams has carefully excluded a number of sensory experiences that might have given the images qualities less like those of painting and more like those of most poems. He uses no words that evoke the sounds of the chickens as they go clucking about their business ( perhaps they are making no sounds) or the sound of the rain as it drums upon the wheelbarrow and drips from its edges (perhaps it has stopped raining). He evokes no smell of the barnyard or of the ozone that accompanies the rain. The limitations of the imagery suggest an impressionistic painting: the emphasis is on bright color and the arrangement of forms. In the arrangement of the lines, we can see a vague similarity in the triangular shapes of a wheelbarrow and a pecking chicken, thus providing us with an aesthetic experience.
Obviously, Williams declares that "human life" depends so much on these things. A wheelbarrow is a basic farm implement associated with the most primitive stage of human tool-making, only one step advanced beyond the use of sledges or unwheeled barrows for dragging heavy loads. Rain water is obviously an essential for farming as for all life, and chickens provide two common foodstuffs in their flesh and in their eggs. Thus, the objects can be seen as among the most basic in providing physical sustenance, and much therefore "depends upon" them.